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3D no longer just in the cinemas

COPIES The fashion world is facing the same challenge as the music world: garments and accessories can be downloaded in physical form via the internet. It sounds like science fiction, but is likely to only become more widespread and even easier.

Daniel Björk (2) Published 2012-02-10

Most of what is made with the technology is hard. The patterns used are "printed" in plastic composite, glass, or metal. All in one piece. A few patterns are now available for download via The Pirate Bay. Here the final details are adjusted ahead of V ave shoe repair's show. Photo: KARIN GRIP

For its latest collection, V ave shoe repair, together with designer Alexander Lervik, has developed jewellery and accessories using 3D technology. Photo: LERVIK DESIGN/V AVE SHOE REPAIR

The bikini created by Continuum has a structure that makes it soft. Photo: CONTINUUM FASHION

Pattern and result. Photo: LERVIK DESIGN/V AVE SHOE REPAIR AND KARIN GRIP

Pattern. Photo: LERVIK DESIGN/V AVE SHOE REPAIR

The fashion world is an area that lives with—and off—copying. Piracy costs the fashion industry around 80 billion kronor a year, while even luxury companies like Marc Jacobs "borrow": in 2008 it was revealed that the company had ended up a bit too close to a scarf from Härjedalen from the 1950s. The French master designer Azzedine Alaïa explained in an interview last year—to many people's surprise, it must be said—that "everyone copies". Alaïa is now in a position where he does not need to care that much because his business is doing well and his accessories sell. But what would he say if his fans, instead of going to Dover Street Market in London to get a pair of shoes, simply printed them out with their printer in the home office? Without paying.

"Print out a pair of shoes?!" you might snort now, but the fact is that it is neither science fiction nor the future. 3D printers are now so cheap that they are considered the next big thing, and they provide access to a technology with huge potential implications for customers and companies alike. During Stockholm fashion week, V ave shoe repair showed jewellery created using the technology—gold-coloured, claw-like creations—and last year the brand Continuum launched the world's first garment for large-scale sale, a bikini, in a textile-like nylon material. It can be purchased on the company's website if you don't believe me.

The Pirate Bay naturally sees the potential in this. A few weeks ago, they created a forum for "physibles", digitized physical objects that can be shared via P2P technology. At the moment it is a place for homemade sculptures and ugly necklaces, but you do not need to be a genius to understand that more famous brands will soon be seen there.

3D printers work on the principle that you either download a three-dimensional drawing of the object or scan an item using a 3D scanner. The printer can then create the object, layer by layer, including any moving parts. It is also possible to colour parts, although not available with all materials, as well as mix in metal to make them more durable.

It is virtually impossible today to say what consequences it will have for the fashion industry, but given that the money in the business lies in accessories rather than couture creations, "revolutionary" is probably the closest word. Just take sunglasses, or for that matter the frames themselves, which are mostly made of various plastic materials or metal. Sports shoes from brands like Nike or Adidas or various types of "cheaper" bags from luxury brands (which are often made of materials such as nylon or PVC) are also possibly in the danger zone. Not to mention Crocs, which could see its entire business concept undone. Marni's acclaimed 1960s-inspired acetate jewellery for spring and summer 2012 would certainly have run into huge problems if there were a 3D printer in every other home.

Of course, one should not jump to conclusions about a technology that—even though it has existed in industrial manufacturing since the 1980s—is in its infancy: it is easy to fantasize, so to speak, about flying cars rather than about Facebook.

But this is about what happens when people can download and print shoes, jewellery, or sunglasses that may not be of the same quality as the originals, but may feel completely fine to someone who can only afford to buy a similar product from one of the world's budget chains anyway. It is about all those customers who accept a lower quality in the copy, just as they live today with the fact that the counterfeit Louis Vuitton bag they buy on holiday in Turkey is not exactly like the original.

And when you start thinking about it that way, you wonder whether the luxury brands will now face previously completely unthinkable problems. Say that the Prada collection leaks online before it has been shown. Soon, the fashion dilemma of our time—that the waiting time from the runway show until the clothes are in stores makes many people tire of the garments before they are even available—will feel trivial. Getting access to the latest clothes may not be enough; having the clothes before the world has even seen them could become the status symbol instead. And then it might not matter if what you are wearing (that is, a printed copy) is in a polyester-like material and the colours are a bit off. You're still first!

Another problem for the fashion industry is that copyright is fairly easy to get around, because you cannot own the rights to a dress, a pair of trousers, or anything else that is a so-called utilitarian object. It is enough to change details—switch a colour or use a different animal in the print—for it to no longer be copying under the law (though check out Fashionista.com's series Adventures in Copyright for some embarrassing transgressions). It is therefore entirely legal to be "inspired", even if it is obvious to industry insiders and consumers alike why a certain look appears in a given season. So when someone in the future gets access to the digital blueprint of the bag from Chanel, it thus will not take many alterations before it is a fully legal version of the "Chanel bag" that is printed at home.

What is most likely is that we will see a growing DIY scene in fashion. 3D printers are marketed today as an environmentally friendly technology (glass objects can, for example, be created from recycled glass bottles), while the production of cotton and similar materials both uses far too much water and takes place in countries where child labour is a problem (talk about having control over the manufacturing chain as a consumer).

How, then, can designers protect their design? Not much other than moving towards materials that are difficult to reproduce by copying. Whether that is enough remains to be seen. If the music industry is anything to go by—where music sales declined by 50 percent during the 2000s—the fashion world is facing its greatest challenge ever.

Daniel Björk

Daniel Björk (2)

English translation of the original article. Text read from the scanned original; small transcription errors may occur.